Return to the course outline or move on to Lecture 5: Structure of the elements Groups 1 and 2 metals, Boron, Carbon and Phosphorus, Sulfur. Much of the information in these course notes has been sourced from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons License. Housecroft and A. Sharpe, Prentice Hall, 4th Ed. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P. Gaus, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Mackay, R.
Mackay and W. Henderson, International Textbook Company, 5th Ed. The structure of hydrogen peroxide. Preparation via the anthraquinone process The anthraquinone process is a process for the production of hydrogen peroxide, which was developed by BASF.
Metal oxides, peroxides and superoxides When the group 1 metals are heated in an excess of air or in O 2 , the principal products obtained depend on the metal: lithium oxide , Li 2 O, sodium peroxide , Na 2 O 2 , and the superoxides KO 2 , RbO 2 and CsO 2. References Much of the information in these course notes has been sourced from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons License.
Can hydrogen peroxide be used as an oxidiser? Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidiser. Through catalysis, hydrogen peroxide can be converted into hydroxyradicals OH. The oxidation potential of hydrogen peroxide is just below that of ozone. Table 1: Oxidation potentials of various oxidisers Oxidiser Oxidation potential fluorine 3,0 hydroxyradicals 2,8 ozone 2,1 hydrogen peroxide 1,8 potassium permanganate 1,7 chlorine dioxide 1,5 chlorine 1,4 How is hydrogen peroxide dosed?
Most hydrogen peroxide applications consist of hydrogen peroxide injection into flowing water. No other chemicals or equipment are required. This application is used to control biological growth, to add oxygen, to remove chlorine residues and to oxidize sulphides, sulphites, metals and other easily oxidized materials. The suitability of hydrogen peroxide for these applications is influenced by pH, temperature and reaction time.
Catalytic hydrogen peroxide Pollutions that are not easily oxidized, require hydrogen peroxide activation by catalysers iron, manganese or other metalloids. These catalysers can also be used to enhance hydrogen peroxide reactions, which would otherwise take hours or days.
What are advanced oxidation processes? Advanced oxidation processes are a new development in the field of hydrogen peroxide disinfection. These processes produce reactive oxygen radicals, without the interference of metal catalysers. Examples are the combination of hydrogen peroxide with ozone peroxone or Ultra Violet Light.
The result of these methods is far-reaching oxidation of difficultly degradable substances, without the production of residues or sludge. These methods are used worldwide for groundwater treatment, for drinking water and process water treatment and for organic matter disinfection and removal from industrial wastewater. How does hydrogen peroxide disinfection work?
Among other applications, hydrogen peroxide is used as a disinfectant. It is used to treat inflammation of the gums and to disinfect drinking water.
It is also used to combat excessive microbial growth in water systems and cooling towers. In the United States, hydrogen peroxide is used more and more frequently to treat individual water supplies. It is used to prevent the formation of colors, tastes, corrosion and scaling by pollution degradation iron, manganese, sulphates and micro-organism degradation. Hydrogen peroxide reacts very fast. It will than disintegrate into hydrogen and water, without the formation of byproducts. This increases the amount of oxygen in water.
Free radicals have both oxidising and disinfecting abilities. Hydrogen peroxide eliminates proteins through oxidation.
Peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 , perborate, peroxiphosphate and persulphate, are good disinfectants and oxidisers. In general these can adequately remove micro-organisms. However, these peroxides are very unstable. Perborates are very toxic. Peracetic acid PAA is a strong acid.
It can be very agressive in its pure form. Stabilised persulphates can be used to replace chlorine for waste water treatment. Is hydrogen peroxide used for drinking water disinfection? In the 's, hydrogen peroxide was first used for drinking water disinfection in Eastern Europe. It is known for its high oxidative and biocidal efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide has not been used often for drinking water disinfection, but it's popularity seems to increase.
It is often used combined with ozone , silver or UV. Is hydrogen peroxide used for swimming pool disinfection? The application of peroxides for disinfection and water treatment are limited. Recently, more stable forms have been developed, which can be used for application in swimming pools. Hydrogen peroxide disinfection requires a high dose. The main disadvantage is the small disinfecting and oxidising ability of hydrogen peroxide at active concentrations tens of milligrams per litre , which are required for swimming pool disinfection.
Another problem is the quick decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in water and the presence of oxygen radicals. Through stabilizer addition, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is delayed and the disinfection ability can be maintained. Compared with chlorine , bromine , ozone and other disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide is not a very powerful disinfectant. Swimming pools disinfection by hydrogen peroxide is not allowed, unless it is used in combination with other disinfectants UV, ozone, silver salts or ammonia quart salts.
Hydrogen peroxide improves the disinfection ability of other disinfectants. Can hydrogen peroxide be used for cooling tower water disinfection? Hydrogen peroxide can be used for cooling tower water disinfection, when it is combined with other disinfectants. Does hydrogen peroxide remove chlorine? Hydrogen peroxide can be used for dechlorination, in other words to remove residual chlorine.
What is the importance of learning Biotechnology is a way of utilising biological and biomolecular processes to develop products that improve our lives. With biotechnology, Chemical reactions can be fast or slow - just think about the difference between exploding dynamite and a rusting Sodium hydroxide NaOH is a strongly basic organic compound that is also very hygroscopic.
Also known as caustic soda Hydrochloric acid HCl is a corrosive and strongly acidic solution that is made by dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in The short answer is no, and for very good reasons.
As acetone is a powerful solvent, it may seem Aqua regia is a highly corrosive mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. With the ability to dissolve The History Of Hydrogen Peroxide.
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